Objectives: MTA which is composed of calcium oxide was known as nonresorbable materials which induce reparative dentin bridge for a direct pulp capping, provide a good sealing for repair of root perforation and root-end filling. The purpose of this study is to investigate the MTA ability of hard tissue formation both in vivo and in vitro. Methods: In vivo study, intentional parietal bone cavity was prepared in adult male Whiter rats. MTA and IRM were filled in bone cavities. Animals were sacrificed at two weeks and observed immunohistochemicaly, using PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) and Cbfa-1 (core binding factor a1) as an antibodies. In vitro study, rat bone marrow cells were obtained from rat's femora and cultured using a-MEM containing 10% fetal bovine serum, supplemented with 50mg/ml freshly prepared ascorbic acid, 10m M Na b-glycerophosphate, 10-8M dexamethasone and gentamicin and cultured in a humidified atmosphere of 95% air, 5% CO2 at 37°C on the MTA and IRM for 2 days. The cells were observed under scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Results: MTA was encapsulated by the fibrous connective tissue in which PCNA and Cbfa-1 positive cells and some hard tissue formation were found around the MTA. IRM was also encapsulated by the fibrous connective tissue, however any hard tissue formation was not found. The cultured cells on MTA showed a flattened appearance, however cultured cells on IRM showed rounded shape. The cellular proliferation of MTA groups were significantly higher than those of IRM groups (<0.05). Conclusion: These results suggested that MTA was biocompatible material and have inductive ability for the cells to differentiate into the phenotype for osteoblast.

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