Aim: This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of several endodontic irrigation solutions on the microhardness and the roughness of root canal dentin. Materials and Methods: 90 mandibular anterior teeth extracted for periodontal reasons were used. The crowns of the teeth were removed at the cemento-enamel junction, the roots were separated longitudinally into two equal segments, embedded in acrylic resin and polished. 180 specimens were divided into six groups at random according to the irrigation solution to be used. The groups were treated as follows; Group 1, 5.25% NaOCl for 15 minutes, Group 2, 2.5% NaOCl for 15 minutes, Group 3, 3% H2O2 for 15 minutes, Group 4, 17% EDTA for 15 minutes, Group 5, chlorhexidine for 15 minutes and Group 6, distilled water (control). Every group was then divided into two subgroups of 15 specimens each. Group1a, 2a, 3a, 4a, 5a, 6a, were submitted to Vickers microhardness indentations, Group1b, 2b, 3b, 4b, 5b, 6b, were used for determination of the roughness of root dentin. The data was recorded as Vickers numbers and Ra, mm for roughness test.The results were then analyzed by One-way ANOVA and Tukey tests. Results: The results indicated that all the irrigation solutions except chlorhexidine significantly decreased microhardness of root canal dentin (p<0.05). There was no significant difference among the experimental groups in roughness of root canal dentin(p>0.05). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, chlorhexidine seems to be an appropriate irrigation solution because of its minimal side effect to dentin.

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