Objectives: The aim of the present preliminary in-vitro study was to compare root canal cleanliness after irrigation with and without ultrasonic activation in contrast to the use of endodontic brushes. Methods: Eighteen distal roots of freshly extracted lower human molars were used. Endodontic treatment with stainless steel reamers was done up to ISO 60. Teeth were divided into three groups (n=6): group 1: 1 ml citric acid 40%, no ultrasound; group 2: 1 ml citric acid 40%, brushes used; group 3: 1 ml citric acid 40%, ultrasonic activation. A second irrigation was done with 1 ml NaOCl 5%. Specimens were examinated in the apical, middle and coronal part of the root canals using SEM regarding the criterias “debris” and “smear layer”. Examination was done by two independent investigators. Results: Root canal cleanliness was significantly influenced by the root canal localization regarding smear layer (p<.001; Kruskal-Wallis test). Debridement has shown significant worse scores when ultrasound was used (p<.05; Kruskal-Wallis test). Conclusions: This preliminary study has shown better scores for debridement and smear layer removal after irrigation with and without brushes in contrast to treatment with ultrasonics.

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